Background: Many medicinal plants, including Spinacia oleracea, Withania somnifera, Emblica officinalis, and Caesalpinia bonducella, are helpful in treating anaemia, a malady that kept them in inadvertent isolation. Aim and Objective: The goal of this study is to establish the macro- and micro-morphological standards as well as the pharmacognostic, phytochemical, and physicochemical standards for clear distinctions between the chosen plants. Materials and Methods: Macro- and micro-morphological features, quantitative microscopy, soluble extractives, pH, ash values, and phytochemical profiles of leaves of S. oleracea and C. bonducella, roots of W. somnifera, and fruit of E. officinalis were determined using standard methods. Results: The leaves of S. oleracea and C. bonducella leaves were smooth, succulent, ovate to triangular or elliptic-oblong, and green in hue. The roots of W. somnifera are stout, long, woody, tuberous, fleshy, and of a whitish-brown color, and the E. officinalis fruit had a greenish yellow color and was smooth, spherical, or globular in shape. Additional differences in stomata arrangement, epidermal cell, histological features of the leaf's midrib, W. somnifera root, and E. officinalis fruit, as well as the physicochemical and phytochemical profiles of S. oleracea and C. bonducella leaves, W. somnifera root, and E. officinalis fruit, provide helpful information for clearly differentiating adulteration. Conclusion: These are important for making sure those manufacturers, regulators, and researchers of herbal products get the right plants.

Introduction: Homozygous rather than heterozygous sickle cell disease (SCD) is considered the more severe form of the disorder. While some markers have been used successfully to distinguish between the two with respect to disease severity, the role of other markers remains either inconclusive (e.g., nitric oxide) or ambiguous (e.g., anthropometry). The objective of the study was to provide information about possible variations in anthropometry and zinc (Zn) levels among SS and SC patients in Osun State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Adult participants enrolled consisted of 34 SS hemoglobinopathy (also known as HbSS); 32 SC hemoglobinopathy (commonly referred to as HbSC) patients and 32 with HbAA as control. Serum Zn estimation was done by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Anthropometry (body weight, standing height, body mass index [BMI], head and mid-upper-arm circumferences [MUACs]) was determined using standard procedures. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance and Pearson correlation coefficient. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: All anthropometric parameters were significantly lower for SCD patients compared with control, but only body weight was significantly different when HbSS and HbSC were compared. Serum Zn status of control was higher than those of SCD patients, with HbSS values being more significantly lower than those of HBSC. Among the HbSS as well as HbSC patients, there was a positive correlation between BMI and Zn as well as between HC and MUAC. Conclusion: Results of the study indicate that while the Zn status of HbSS and HbSC were significantly different, most of the anthropometric parameters were not significantly different.

Deprived research culture among medical students and lack of research at medical student level was thought-provoking key to start “An Evidence Generating Community Health Intervention Project” (EviGenCHIP). EviGenCHIP is unique innovative program initiated by the Department of Community Medicine and Medical Education Unit. There are more than 600 medical colleges in India. It is an opportunity to sensitize and develop research culture in young minds of Indian medical graduates. The study aimed to sensitize medical students about the role of research and evidence in medical science and thus developing research culture among undergraduates. Methods: This was the education-based observation cross-sectional study. Students themselves identify the health problem during their learning time. They would do scientific research on the selected problem and find out best solution for that problem. Every year, the institute conducts this program for 3^rd MBBS students during April to October. At the starting of the project, the institute conducts sensitization session to teach them basics of research and epidemiology method. Then, the institute divides the students among small groups and allocates one faculty to guide them in their projects. At the end, the institute conducts the presentation session and appreciates students as well faculties with certificate. Results: Since 2014, EviGenCHIP started, total 110, 106, 84, 76, 121, 152, and 150 students have participated in 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2021, respectively. Total 25, 20, 13, 16, 21, 24, and 31 faculties have participated in EviGenCHIP project for respective year. It has long-term impact. Feedback of EviGenCHIP showed that students are developing research culture, which might not be possible with traditional academics. Conclusion - EviGenCHIP like projects have long term impact. It will take time to create research culture in medical colleges but support at college level and university level surely change the culture. Conclusion: EviGenCHIP like projects have long term impact. It will take time to create research culture in medical colleges but support at college level and university level surely change the culture.

Introduction: The prevalence of first-trimester vaginal bleeding (FTVB) ranges worldwide from 4% to 24%. In resource-limited settings, there is a heavy reliance on clinical presentation to establish the cause of bleeding due to the limited availability of ultrasounds (US) imaging modalities. Objectives: The objective is to determine the association between clinical and US diagnoses in FTVB at the Buea and Limbe regional hospitals (BRH and LRH). Subjects and Methods: We recruited 144 participants, with <14 weeks of gestational age at the BRH and LRH. Data on sociodemographic, clinical, and US diagnoses were obtained from patients. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05. Results: From 144 participants enrolled, 55 (38.2%) were from BRH and 89 (61.8%) were from LRH. The main causes of FTVB were threatened abortions (42.36%), incomplete abortion (27.8%), complete abortion (3.5%), missed abortion (1.4%), ectopic pregnancy (22.91%), molar pregnancy (0.91%), and pregnancy with fibroids (1.4%). Cohen's kappa analysis revealed a good degree of agreement between clinical and US diagnoses for elective consultations (κ = 0.634, P < 0.001) and an average degree of agreement for those consulting as referrals (κ = 0.520, P < 0.001). Our study revealed a significant statistical association between clinical and US diagnoses for the following pathologies: threatened abortion (P < 0.001), incomplete abortion (P = 0.004), complete abortion (P < 0.019), and ectopic pregnancy (P < 0.001). Conclusion: This study reveals an overall average consistency between clinical and US diagnoses, especially for common etiologies of bleeding in early pregnancy. Hence, the need for US to confirm clinical diagnoses.

Background: India is the country that produces the majority of nurses, and nurses are the core of the country's health-care system. The nurses can pursue a career in clinical work or teaching. The performance of the nursing faculties is significantly influenced by their perception toward preferred profession. The objective of the study was to assess the perception of nursing faculties toward their preferred profession. Methodology: All four areas of India – the east, west, north, and south - were covered in a cross-sectional descriptive study that involved 300 nursing faculties. The samples were contacted through direct approach and electronic mode by circulating the survey link created by SurveyMonkey App. Five-point Likert scale, which comprises total 15 statements, was used to collect data. After filling informed consent, the participants were asked to fill the questionnaire. Results: Nearly 2/3^rd of the subjects (188) had a favorable perception toward their preferred profession and more than 1/3^rd (112) of them had an unfavorable perception. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that marital status (P = 0.000; adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.100; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.36–0.280), qualification (P = 0.010; AOR: 2.194; 95% CI: 1.205–3.993), and clinical experience (P = 0.011; AOR: 2.013; 95% CI: 1.173–3.454) had a significant influence the perception of faculty. Conclusion: Almost half of the subjects expressed negative perceptions. Although perception is a personal psychological factor, the government, professional bodies, and nurse managers can take the necessary steps to address the issue that dissatisfy nursing faculty can promote positive perception and that would impact their high-quality performance.

Background: Knee hyperextension can be a serious and disabling injury in both the athletic and general patient population. The flexible type of knee hyperextension can be controlled by either static or dynamic knee orthosis. An important aspect of patient care in knee hyperextension is the application of proper knee orthosis. Knee orthosis is a nonoperative method for the management of knee hyperextension. It is a challenging task in this new engineering field of orthotic science for the orthotist to design suitable orthosis for knee hyperextension. The modern method of orthotic technology needs changes to benefit patients with knee hyperextension to fulfill the functional need for the user. A knee orthosis should, hypothetically, allow full range of motion, except it limits where there will be orthotic constraints. This knee orthosis is a modified polypropylene knee hyperextension orthosis for nonoperative management of knee hyperextension. Aims and Objective of the Study: The purpose of the design is to provide a nonoperative solution to control knee hyperextension in pediatrics for the prevention of knee structures by changing the line of force. Materials and Methods: It is a custom-made orthosis made of polymer sheet with a hinged knee joint with thigh shell and leg shell placed in the contralateral side and provides a rigid support for the knee without hindering knee flexion with full restriction of knee hyperextension. There will be no suprapatellar protrusion like the one conventional plastic supracondylar knee orthosis. Results: Based on observational gait analysis, molded polypropylene knee hyperextension orthosis provides a stable gait pattern with a minute or no gait deviation from the normal gait parameters (gait parameters varies between different subjects). Conclusions: A technique has been proposed for the management of genu recurvatum. A theoretical and practical justification for the method has been presented, and a thorough analysis is required. The use of modified knee orthosis appears to give protection against the anterior tibial translation, thus preventing hyperextension and gives a better gait with the help of initial flexion angle.

Background: Transtibial prosthesis is a device specifically replaces the part of the leg that is below the knee joint. Mostly the amputees are dependent on others and live a sedentary life when they cannot function effectively and efficiently with their prosthesis.^[1] To wear a prosthesis whole day long requires better comfort as well as the function along with the other components. The prosthetic socket is the main connector between the residual and prosthesis. Poor socket fitting directly affects socket comfort, function, and workability of the user, making them more dependent and psychologically depressed and weaker and creating challenges for the user, family, and rehabilitation professionals.^[2] Aims and Objective of the Study: The purpose of the research work is to design and fabricate a comfortable socket design which can be fitted to provide better comfort to the users. Methodology: The study is based on custom-made socket where modification needs to be done on the socket part and in the fabrication procedure. Results: During fitment, 70% of users found it significantly comfortable and improved in ambulation. Conclusions: For the triple-side wall expansion socket system, it can be concluded that change in socket for better function is also could be an alternative for troublesome residual limb amputees.

Maharshi Sushruta has composed a treatise known as Sushruta Samhita around the 6^th century BC. Sushruta Samhita lacks Indriya Sthana (a specialized section that deals with prognostic aspects), and prognostic knowledge is documented in the chapters from 28^th to 33^rd of Sutra Sthana (a specialized section that deals with Ayurvedic basic principles). Panchendriyartha Vipratipatti Adhyaya (PVA) is the 30^th chapter of Sushruta Sutra Sthana (SSS) and it consists of 23 verses. Literature is still scarce on Arishtha Lakshanas of SSS and further studies are need of the hour. The aim of the present study is to explore the prognostic potential of the contents of PVA of SSS with the help of contemporary prognostic literature. Pathological conditions of sensory organs and/or sensory pathways with global or specific impairment of sensory functions are described in PVA chapter. Conditions such as auditory and visual hallucinations, auditory and visual perceptual distortions, aphasia, paradoxical heat and cold sensations, somatosensory disorders, disease-specific volatile organic compounds, quantitative and qualitative olfactory and gustatory impairments, Morgellons disease, cortical sensory syndrome, and mirror image agnosia associated with fatal outcome are mentioned in the PVA of SSS. Various new hypotheses generated by the present explorative study may open the doors for further research in to the development of novel Ayurvedic prognostic models or questionnaires.

The ancient concept of Putreshna (healthy progeny) depends on several factors. Every individual is solely responsible for producing a healthy future generation. An inappropriate lifestyle and exposure to unfavorable conditions lead to several diseases. Especially in pregnant women, daily regimen interactions with the environment may cause epigenetic modifications that affect gene expression and change the phenotype or well-being of their progeny. The human body is constituted by what type of nourishment and environment we provide to it. The quality and functioning of every single unit of the body can be improved through a balanced diet (Ahar), sleep (Nidra), and Brahmacharya (Triupstamb). Understanding good morals and thoughts and all pregnant women should protect themself with a healthy lifestyle as mentioned in Garbhini Parichaya. Garbha Samskara is one of the traditional procedures by which parents can avoid the Beeja Dushti or Beejbhag avyav dushti (epigenetic mutation). Garbhini is very much susceptible to disease due to the aggravation of Doshas because the body is in a highly sensitive state, so the use of a balanced diet plays important role in pregnant women for their health and the development of the fetus. Quality and quantity of nutrition directly affect the functioning of the body during the pregnancy period.

Madhava Nidana is an authentic and popular Ayurvedic text written by Madhavakara (700–800 AD). Masurika has been well correlated with smallpox, and Madhavakara was the first author to give an independent disease status along with a detailed description of Masurika in Masurika Nidana chapter of the Madhava Nidana. Published literature on Masurika is scarce, and the present review is focused on exploring the contents of Masurika Nidana chapter of Madhava Nidana and its similarity with smallpox. Concepts of nutritional immunology with special reference to the complex interactions between diet, immune status and susceptibility to viral infections can be found in the Masurika Nidana chapter. Krura Grahekshanat Deshe denotes epidemics or pandemics caused by pox viruses. There is a profound similarity between the description of Masurika and smallpox among various domains such as clinical features, types, morphological characteristics of skin lesions, prognosis, and complications. Bhramareneva Viddhani Kurvanti Astheeni (i.e., osteomyelitis variolosa) may denote the findings of postmortem examination or autopsy findings of smallpox patients done by Madhavakara. Although smallpox has been eradicated, the present study findings may provide important information regarding the diagnostic possibilities and management guidelines of other pox virus diseases or other viral epidemics that are associated with skin eruptions.

History of prostheses in India is very ancient from Rigveda, the Asvini brothers (vedic gods of healing and medicine) replaced Vispala's (horse of Prince Khela) broken leg with an artificial one. As years passes, many more evidence of uses of artificial limb came into existence. The purpose of this review is to show the evolutional era of prosthetics and orthotics in India as we are celebrating India's Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav, 75 years of Independence. How work has been done to serve the Divyangjan's in their community level under the Indian government's flagship schemes, with the help of different national institutions, regional centers, nongovernment organizations, and many more. Along with the development of institutions and organizations, technology also developed the devices at that much level that one can trust these prosthetic and orthotic devices and live independently. Not only that, people are actively taking part in sports and recreations and participating in the paralympics and making India proud.

Gastric duplication cysts comprise a rare congenital anomaly constituting 8% of total gastrointestinal tract duplications. They may be associated with complications, or may be discovered incidentally. This case report illustrates the same, in which an adult female had presented with vague abdominal complaints. Subsequently, a computed tomography scan had revealed a cystic lesion adjacent to the stomach. She was treated surgically.

Dentists encounter a variety of anatomical variations on a regular basis. In this situation, the mandibular third molars are not far away. Because of their most posterior placement and unexpected morphology, extraction frequently continues to be the preferred course of therapy. An extra distolingual root (radix entomolaris) poses a significant anatomical challenge and is also extremely uncommon. Therefore, one of the key requirements for a successful root canal procedure is the identification and management of the radix entomolaris. The purpose of this article is to describe how two cases of mandibular third molar with three roots and 4 root canals in the first case and 3 root canals in the second case were successfully managed endodontically.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common chronic condition among old age person, which affects joint motion disabling to perform daily routine tasks. This hampers their overall quality of life. In the current study, a new combination of braces design for OA was constructed combining valgus braces and unloader braces. The aim was to prove the effectiveness of the new braces on the patients with ligament laxity, muscle spasm, contraction, and mediolateral instability. In total, 28 patients were divided into three different mobility groups, i.e., respondents with mobility limited to their home environment, those with ability to walk to a nearby shop, and third group with no mobility restrictions. The patient-reported outcome measure questions in the study were prepared for the questionnaire. The results of this study illustrated pain reduction in about 54% of respondents after using a new knee brace. This provided possibly less cocontraction, which further helped reduced progression of knee OA, suitable joint support, and increased mobility.